High Frequency of Adding Salt to Food increases Risk of Incident CKD

Written by Dr.Niharika Harsha B Published On 2023-12-30T10:45:04+05:30 | Updated On 30 Dec 2023 10:44 AM GMT

High Frequency of Adding Salt to Food increases Risk of Incident CKD

In a groundbreaking study researchers from the U.S.A reported the effect of adding salt to foods on chronic kidney disease. They found that increased addition of salt to foods, reported by self, lead to an increased risk of chronic kidney disease in general population.

The study results were published in the journal JAMA Network Open.

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The frequency with which individuals report adding salt to their food may indicate their enduring preference for salty tastes. High salt intake has been linked to a heightened risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, it is currently unclear whether self-reported salt addition to foods correlates with an elevated risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hence researchers from New Orleans and Boston conducted a cohort study to prospectively examine the association of self-reported frequency of adding salt to foods with incident CKD risk in a general population of adults.

This cohort study, based on a population from the UK Biobank, focused on individuals aged 37 to 73 years who did not have CKD when the study began. Recruitment took place between 2006 and 2010, with participants then monitored over time for disease development. Participants' self-reported habits of adding salt to their food were classified as never/rarely, sometimes, usually, or always. The main outcome was incident CKD occurrences identified using specific diagnostic codes. Hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using Cox proportional hazards models. These models took into account various potential variables, including age, gender, racial background, ethnicity, the Townsend Deprivation Index, baseline factors like eGFR, BMI, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, history of CVD, hypertension, infectious and immune-related diseases, as well as the use of nephrotoxic medications at the study's onset.

Findings:

In a cohort comprising 465,288 individuals with average [SD] age of 56.32 [8.08] years; 255,102 females [54.83%] and 210,186 males [45.17%]), those who frequently added salt to their foods tended to have a higher BMI, a greater Townsend Deprivation Index score, and a lower baseline eGFR than those who added salt less often.
Furthermore, individuals who regularly added salt were more inclined to be current smokers and to have diabetes or CVD at the study's outset compared to their counterparts who seldom added salt.
Over a median (IQR) tracking period of 11.8 (1.4) years, 22,031 CKD incidents were recorded.
After accounting for various factors, a greater self-reported salt addition frequency was notably linked to an elevated CKD risk.
Specifically, compared to those seldom or never adding salt, the risk was higher for those who sometimes added salt (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00-1.07), usually added salt (aHR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.11), and always added salt (aHR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05-1.18) to their food (P for trend < .001).
Moreover, factors like eGFR, BMI, and physical activity levels influenced these associations, with more significant effects seen in participants with higher eGFR, lower BMI, or reduced physical activity.

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Thus, the present study summarized that an increased self-reported habit of adding salt to foods correlates with an elevated risk of CKD. These results advocate for minimizing salt addition to foods as a potential approach to prevent CKD. Further post hoc analyses or subsequent studies in clinical settings are essential to confirm these observations.

Further reading: Tang R, Kou M, Wang X, et al. Self-Reported Frequency of Adding Salt to Food and Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(12):e2349930. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.49930

JAMA Network OpenNutritionDietSalt intakeChronic Kidney DiseaseRui Tang

Source : JAMA Network Open

Dr.Niharika Harsha B

BDS, MDS

Dr.Niharika Harsha B (BDS,MDS) completed her BDS from Govt Dental College, Hyderabad and MDS from Dr.NTR University of health sciences(Now Kaloji Rao University). She has 4 years of private dental practice and worked for 2 years as Consultant Oral Radiologist at a Dental Imaging Centre in Hyderabad. She worked as Research Assistant and scientific writer in the development of Oral Anti cancer screening device with her seniors. She has a deep intriguing wish in writing highly engaging, captivating and informative medical content for a wider audience. She can be contacted at editorial@medicaldialogues.in.